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默认 在印前制作中矫正原稿质量不佳的图片

在书刊和包装印刷领域,彩色印刷已成印刷主流,印刷品的质量亦日益提高。但因主观及客观因素影响,达到精品级的还不多,仍无法与国外优质产品相比。我们知道,彩色印刷品的质量,受复制过程诸多因素,如彩色原稿图象的阶调层次、网点扩大值、色彩平衡等制约,而当中又以印前图象制作的质量高低,直接决定彩印品的质量,虽然在制版印刷时可以对一些不足之处作部分矫正,但要印刷出精品基本上就无能为力了。因此,印前制作图象时,如发现原稿质量不足,就应想办法纠正。下面,就简单介绍一些处理技术和方法。
一.对原稿的要求
(1)原稿密度
  原稿中最大和最小密度的差值(即反差),如今一般印刷品可达的最大密度值为1.8,印相纸图象最大可达1.7,修整原稿的黑墨水密度为1.8。一般来说,原稿的所有密度在白纸上只能在0~1.8范围内再现,因此,对原稿来说,就有一个适应于制版印刷的密度范围。当原稿的密度范围过大时,扫描仪和电分机对超出密度范围部分的反映灵敏度下降,所以分色版层次较平。根据实践,原稿为0.3~2.1,即反差为1.8时最为合适。彩色负片原稿密度差控制在2.4内;若原稿反差小于2.5,复制时进行合理压缩,效果也较理想,若原稿反差大于2.5,即使复制时进行阶调压缩,也会令层次丢失过多,效果欠佳。
(2)原稿偏色性
  一般分整体偏色、低调偏色、高调偏色和高低调各偏不同颜色(即交叉偏色)。因此,纠正时要综观整体考虑,不能见一个偏色就马上处理一个颜色,否则会引起其它的偏色。
(3)原稿层次
  衡量复制品的质量主要有层次、颜色和清晰度三大指标,并以层次最为重要。正常原稿的层次应具备画面不偏亮偏暗,高、中、低调均有,密度变化级数多,阶调丰富等特征。
二.原稿色彩问题及处理方法
  不□原稿色调的真实状况,可从原稿三色密度反差测量与三色密度曲线的描绘中直接观察。彩色印刷复制将原稿和复制品密度范围分解为四段,即把高光点和暗调点之间的密度范围分成亮调、中间调和暗调,并把小于高光点密度的区域称为极高光。
  在原稿色彩质量的分析中,若三色密度与反差基本相同,说明它不偏色,色调基本正常;如果阶调齐全,层次丰富,分布合理,即使总反差略有差别,都可算是正常原稿,其颜色复制可按正常的色误差数据校正,侧重点则放在阶调层次复制方面。
  若其三色密度高低不同,说明偏向某一颜色,但三色密度的反差基本相等,是均衡偏色。这种偏色稿最好根据三色密度曲线,设计出调整三色灰平衡的层次复制曲线,使全阶调的色调得到统一纠正。
  若原稿的亮光三色密度差距较大,暗调端三色密度接近相同,偏色主要表现在高调区端,对图象的高调层次复制不利。最好根据三色密度曲线推导设计出三色版的层次复制曲线,改变分色图片高光三色网点的记录设定,准确纠正高调偏色。
  若原稿的高光三色密度基本一致,只有暗调端的三色密度不同,密度反差也不等,在中至暗调表现明显偏色,暗调层次略有损失,中高调层次正常。可改变分色图片暗调三色网点记录设定,或附加某色的全调底色去除(只对混合复色有作用)。但处理原稿偏色时,要留意有些是作者有意创造的艺术效果,逆光照片即为其中例子。
  印刷中,对色彩的复制再现,一般有三种不同概念。一种是物理意义上的色彩再现,要求跟原稿色彩在每一色点上的光谱分布都完全相同。第二种是色度学意义上的再现,使印刷再现图象跟原稿色彩点在色度上一致或接近,即异谱同色效果,这是现实客观评价色彩再现的量度标准。第三种是心理意义上的色彩再现,即印刷再现的色彩,在色度上同原稿色彩可能有些差距,但在色彩效果上却可能达到视觉心理的满足。
  彩色复制的根本原则在于还原原稿中的灰色。衡量灰平衡印刷再现,可用彩色密度计测量印刷品附设的三色中性灰梯尺,或测量画面中应该是中性灰色层次的三色光密度。如用观察代替评判,需在光源与环境色温十分标准的条件下,用标准的中性灰色块,跟印刷画面中的灰色层次比较。
三.原稿层次密度问题和处理方法
对层次密度质量不同的原稿,其处理方法因稿而异。
(1)曝光正常,密度反差标准
其主要部分都处在亮调、中调,与明度之间成正比,处于明度新标系统的4~6级。
(2)中常反差原稿
  低密度在0.3~0.5,高密度在2.4~2.8,接近标准的原稿,在对原稿阶调反差压缩的同时,按接近标准的阶调层次再现曲线进行层次调整,能达到良好的复制效果。
(3)高反差原稿
  高光密度不高于0.4,而最高密度却在3.0以上的原稿,多是原景物明暗对比反差过大,一般中间阶调层次丰富齐全,最亮与最暗层次面积比率不大。这类原稿,在作高光与暗调选定时,一般可舍去两端次要层次,以减小其阶调复制范围。
(4)低反差原稿
  阶调反差在1.7以下,高光密度在0.3以下的色调淡薄原稿,其主体部分偏亮偏薄,明度高,处在明度新标系统的7、8级,亮调层次丰富,但密度级差都很小,且占面积比例大。制作时要加深复制,以降低明度,向标准明度靠近。这类原稿,需加强亮中调的层次复制再分配,黑白场定标密度值要小些,亮、中调的层次曲线应稍作加深,以达较好层次反差和视觉明度效果。应根据其层次分布曲线形状,区别其主体调在亮调或是中调密度范围。同时,还需要使用加深和加长的黑版阶调来作补充。

(5)厚闷原稿
  高光密度在0.5以上,甚至超过1.0的厚闷原稿。多因拍摄曝光或显影不足所致,使图像暗调层次大部分落在负像特性曲线的趾部及直线下半部。这类原稿主体部分偏暗偏深,处在明度新标系统的2、3级,亮调层次少,中暗调层次丰富而级差平软,且面积比度很大,主体调也多落在中调密度范围内,制作时要减浅提高复制,以提亮明度,向标准明度靠近。黑白场定标密度值要大些,中、暗调的层次曲线应稍作减浅,应当使其包括主体调在内的中亮调层次得到较亮的再现,以达到较好的阶调反差和视觉明度效果。
(6)中间调层次分布不同的原稿
  一些中高密度反差的原稿,中调层次较少,密度级差较大,而高低调层次较多且平缓,如逆光拍摄的彩色片,制作时应想办法使这类图像主体调的层次明暗协调,即可取得较好的复制再现效果。
图像层次反差的大小,复制时可作密度范围压缩调整。起始密度的高低,也可通过高光密度设定及记录设定的调整加以改变的。透射原稿的反差范围差别很大,而彩色印刷品却要再现为密度范围基本一致的画面,这个密度范围又大都低于彩色原稿的,分色制版时,必然要压缩调整。
  印刷品密度范围大,既可多再现一些原稿或原景物的层次,也使各级层次间的反差能拉开些,立体感也就强烈。尤其可增强细微层次反差,也加强了图像层次的清晰度。另一方面,也使画面色彩拉开了档次,深者浓厚饱和,浅者明朗。但印刷墨层密度的提高,与网点增大相矛盾,不可能达到彩色透明片那样高的密度,只有在纸张、油墨、器材的商应性及印刷机精密度等优良的条件下,才能有较低的网点增大值和较高的墨层密度。确定此质量指标的客观技术标准,是使用彩色反射密度计,测出各印刷墨层的印刷实地密度和75%网点印刷密度,计算得出其印刷K值。当此值较高(黄版0.3~0.4,品红版和青版0.4~0.55,黑版0.5~0.6),其各自实地密度又较高,并且各色墨层的叠印效率接近达到90%时,印刷品的阶调也就较好。为了节省油墨,有人主张降低印刷墨层密度来减少网点增大,但这却会减少图像暗调端层之的并级现象,总体阶调反差却不是最高,也达不到最好的印刷阶调层次再现。
  因印刷工艺阶调是非线性传递,在印前应做补偿调整。为适宜印刷工艺,必须对印刷的三个网点跳跃区调整,即3%、50%、80%网点区。因为3%小点易损失,会影响高光区的颜色层次,50%网点区容易增大,会影响中间调,特别人物肤色的变化。80%网点区容易并级,会影响暗调层次,特别是暗调肤色的主色与深度原色的并级,使印刷难以兼顾两者。因此对原稿的重要色、重要部位,要通过调整使其避开这三个网点跳跃区。
四.原稿清晰度问题和处理方法
(1)图像层次轮廓的实度
  首先要有原稿层次边界的实度(即锐度)作基础。在复制再现的全过程中,图像层次边界的过渡宽度,是要逐步加宽的,尤其是放大复制。层次边界实度是不能再复原的。印刷品层次边界的清晰度,只是看上去是被分色复制强调了。
(2)图像两相邻层次明暗对比变化的明晰度
  如相邻层次的密度差别大,则视觉感受是明晰的。可以在分色时作层次边界反差强调,对之造成提高的假象,而细微层次的反差可以得到实质性的加强。
(3)原稿或印刷画面层次的分辨力
  即所谓质感。印刷品是以原稿图像细微层次的分辨力为基础的,但要受制版光学器件的解像力、放大倍率、网线粗细和四色版套合的影响而受到损害。经过制版印刷过程,不能复原原稿层次的细微程度。

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