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印前技术基础知识 印前综合知识、印品和纸张常用规格尺寸、名称术语及印刷品成本、成品价格核算。

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默认 影响印刷品效果和价格的因素

虽然当今年代电脑化及数字化已经将传统的图文复制及彩色印刷工艺的部分过程简化或删除,并降低了不少空气及噪音的污染和解放了人类繁累的辛劳,图文印刷仍然是一项相对比较复杂和烦琐的工作。
尽管如此,凭籍过去十多年来的电子工业革命,现代图文印刷工艺也起了翻天覆地的变化去迎合市场大气候的需求,其中包括:(1)生产周期短;(2)按需印刷(何时需要多少就印多少),不保留过多库存;(3)更大比例的短版活(即数量小及零碎的印活);(4)客户与图文印刷公司(诸如富运达)更密切的配合。注:拜时尚的设计及排版软件(如Adobe的Pagemaker排版软Photoshop图象处理软件)的发展及普遍,现在的客户比从前更了解及更容易掌握印前的版面设计工作。很多具规模跨国公司的市场公关部均有工作人员负责设计及排版任务。
这一切的改革大部分均采用高科技电子及计算机技术,使工艺流程更直观易达,制作工序更简化,生产周期大大的缩短,劳动力及经济成本相对降低,质量控制更精确,而更复杂的印刷视觉及质感效果也可实现。

影响印刷品效果和价格的因素

除了生产及质量控制过程外,下面列举的因素均能显著地影响任何印刷品的制作成本和最终效果,而客户却是这些因素的最终决策者:(1)印刷媒体质材(一般指纸质)----这与视觉,质感及印刷方法有关;(2)印刷品的尺寸---与媒体材料规格(如纸度)有关;(3)内容拼合要求---简单排版或复杂组版;(4)颜色及墨色---黑白,彩色,是否需要分色。普通墨,光墨或特殊印墨如金色、银色、莹光等其他印墨;(5)印刷方式---胶印、活版、凹印、丝网印刷、笨氨印刷、数码印刷、静电激光打印、喷墨印刷等;(6)装订方法---热熔胶装订、骑马订、线装、精装等;(7)数量-----纸张印刷普通以每千起印,小量的以每百计。

当然客户所需印刷的数量直接影响到其他六项选择的可行性和制造成本经济与否,但毕竟在一定合理的印刷数量下,数量不会对印刷品的最终效果影响太大。现就让我们简要的纵观其他六个要素:

(一) 印刷媒体
图文印刷制作过程中,选择印刷媒体是非常重要的一环。印成品的印刷效果及成本亦会受印刷方法及所采用的印刷媒体所影响,所以对印刷媒体应有基本的认识。
印刷媒体种类繁多,最常见的为纸张及纸板,其次有布、纤维材料,塑料片(胶片)、金属表皮及各式各样生活常见的电器用品的表面。
目前印刷所采用的媒体以纸张为主。各类纸张有各自的用途,而纸类非常繁多,其中包括高档彩色印刷常用的"铜版纸"(俗称'粉纸'),乃经滚筒加压的化学涂布纸,表面极其平滑及有光泽,故一般亦称"有光铜版纸"。有光铜版纸的表面经额外的加工处理可获取非常平滑但没有光泽的效果,称为"无光铜版纸"(俗称'哑粉纸'),适用于精细网点的彩色印刷。
纸张的分类一般以下列几点划分:(1)纸质、(2)重量、(3)纸度尺寸及(4)用途。而纸张的名称往往就依用途而命名;除了铜版纸,还有书纸、充书纸、新闻纸、卡纸、书皮纸及特种皮纹纸(如英国"刚古"纸)等。使用重量范围视乎用途而定,可从最薄的45gsm(每平米克数)的葱皮纸至300gsm厚卡纸。一般彩色印刷常用的单张纸,重量为128gsm或157gsm,黑白印刷为80gsm至128gsm,信纸重量为70gsm至120gsm,信封用纸重量为100gsm至160gsm,而名片用纸为160gsm至250gsm.印刷书本的纸张重量通常比印刷宣传单张略轻。
纸张的选择影响印刷方式、油墨及其他印后加工工艺,包括印刷品送递的成本等。

(二) 印刷品尺寸

印刷成品的幅面和厚度大小直接影响其外观、制作工艺和生产手段。在数量较大的任务,选择材料应尽量按成品尺寸规格靠拢,才不致浪费材料(纸张)及招致额外的工序。

(三) 内容拼合(制版)要求

图片的挑选、字体的运用及图文的编排和组合将会影响最终印刷品的视觉形态、主题意识和整体的传达效果。
如何取舍和结合上述印刷品内容组成的原素,则视乎客户希望通过印刷品给观众传递的信息和预期达到的沟通效果,及设计师提供的传讯艺术手法。

(四) 颜色及墨色

用印刷油墨表现所希望的色彩,大致有两种方法:(1)使用印刷彩色的基本四色油墨,混合网点及重叠套印,而做成所希望的色调;(2)混合印刷油墨,使用专色印刷,用实色或网点表现色彩。此两种方法在印刷设计上、色彩的指定或制版方法都不尽相同。彩色印刷原则上是用四种基本色---黄YELLOW),洋红(MAGENTA),青(CYAN)及黑(BLACK)重叠套印而产生千变万化的色彩。因此,通过分色制版及四色重叠还原,彩色印刷品可忠实地重现彩色相片的色调。但是某些特别颜色如金色、银色及荧光色等是不可能由基本四色油墨叠印组成,而必须由专色油墨印制。
在单色印刷品,除了最深的实地及白外,可利用不同的网点做成不同的深浅灰调(半色调)去表达图像的层次。多色印刷的表达能力是比单色好,但要适当的运用及指定,才能得到理想的效果;在设计时应要找一些标准的色彩套印指南作为参考,并利用合适的网点,增加其色彩的变化。
印刷品上的墨色可通过"四色混合表"内每一种基本色的网点比例来表达。但不同种类的油墨、媒体、印刷方法和制作设备均可能印制出不同的"四色混合表",因此需要有一个规范和专业的方法制定一套"四色混合表"或"色标"作为公认的参考标准,以便大家可通过统一的色彩语言准确无误地沟通印刷的墨色。
美国PANTONE¤R公司便是制定"色标系统"的专家,并为印刷行业推崇的佼佼者,提供多种在不同媒体印制的四色、六色及专色的"色标"手册。

(五) 印刷方式

除了选择适当的印刷媒体(纸张)及油墨外,印刷品的最终效果还是需要通过适当的印刷方法完成。
印刷种类有多款,方法不同,操作也不同,成本与效果亦各异。现行使用的印刷方法主要可分为凸版、凹版、平版及孔版印刷四大类:(1)凸版印刷,印纹高于非印纹(2)凹版印刷,印纹凹陷于版面(3)平版印刷,印纹没有凸起或凹下(4)孔版印刷,油墨通过洞孔的印纹
自中国发明木刻活字印刷技术至今,印刷方式日新月异,包罗万象。当今最常用的工业印刷方法有:

1. 胶版印刷(又称柯式(Offset)印刷)
平版印刷的一种,能以高精度清晰地还原原稿的色彩、反差及层次,是目前最普遍的纸张印刷方法。适用于海报、简介、说明书、报纸、包装、书籍、杂志、月历及其他有关彩色印刷品。


2. 活版印刷

凸版印刷技术的一种,一般在文字多,相片及图片少、文字的更改机会大、印品数量不多的情况下采用。适用于印制邀请卡、名片、标签及小型包装盒等小批量任务。传统的顺序号码打印和小商标套印均以活版方式进行。

3. 丝网印刷

孔版印刷技术之一,印刷油墨特别浓厚,最宜制作特殊效果的印件。数量不大而墨色需要浓度的尤为适宜。又可以在立体面上施印,如方形盒、箱、圆形瓶、罐等。除纸张外也可以印布、塑胶面料、夹板、胶片、金属片、玻璃等。常见新产品有横幅、锦旗、T恤、瓦棱纸箱、汽水瓶及电路板等。丝网印刷的灵活性特点是其他印刷方法所不能比拟。

4. 橡胶版印刷

凸版印刷的一种,只适用于印制塑料袋、标签及大小塑料包装。通常输入橡胶版印刷机的媒体是卷装而不是单张的,印后要逐张分切。印刷网点、线条的精细度远比不上胶版和活版印刷,不能用以印制书本刊物等。

5. 凹版印刷

适合印制高品质及价值昂贵的印刷品,不论是彩色或是黑白图片,凹版印刷效果都能与摄影照片相媲美。由于制版费昂贵,印量必须大,故也是在普遍方法中较少采用的一种。适用于印制有价证券、股票、礼券、商业性信誉之凭证或文具等。
科技发展迅速,今天我们可通过计算机采用某些上述的印刷方法直接在媒体上输出。而静电成象及激光技术的成熟使小批量高素质要求的"按需印刷"可以实现。

(六) 装订方法

装订的定义是使印刷后的书刊按先后顺序连接,使其坚固、美观、易于阅读及保存。而装订亦包括其他很多印刷后对印成品的加工工序,如烫金、压凸、模切、挖月、切圆角、压线、附贴纸袋、打孔等工作。
制作商品介绍书、广告小册与年报等,客户就必须依其使用目的、内容、页数、纸质及其重量、大小、厚度等着手进行考虑。若能对装订方法有着一定理解,在设计编排上便可收事半功倍之效。
在办公室最常见的装订方法有平订(订书机)装订、胶圈装订、铁圈装订、(档案夹)活页式圈装、滑轨(胶夹式)装订及热熔封面装订等。较严肃的文件可使用热熔胶条装订或选用精装书壳做封面及封底的导管装订方法。
制作数量较大的工业装订方法有骑马订、无线热熔胶订、缝线(锁线)装订及硬皮书壳精装(如大型字典、百科全书等)。
由于装订是图文印刷工艺最后也是最影响印成品外观的工序,必须慎重选择装订方法和材料,并且严格控制制作质量,免得最后的错失将以前所有工序的成果付诸东流。同样的内容,不同的封面制作及装订方法产生不同的效果当然,若能与供应商密切沟通和配合,建立工作默契和明确合作关系,便更有把握获得印刷品预期的质量和降低制作成本。但应避免以下的几项通病:
(1) 印刷品不急不印;
(2) 付印稿件未完全作好便付印;
(3) 总是要求把价格压得越低越好;
(4) 拖泥带水式发稿,总不能一次性发出稿件;
(5) 随时随意修改原稿。
阁下如能对图文印刷工艺认识愈深,便会容易了解供应商的制作要求;或多与供应商沟通及咨询有关专业意见,可使印刷品便顺利及更按自己的需要完成。
为了让您更直观理解图文印刷的工艺次序及其逻辑关系,我们在本栏目附上'图文印刷工艺流程一览表'供阁下参考研阅之用。

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